Serving Justice in the Case of Billy Budd Essay Example for Free

Serving Justice in the Case of Billy Budd Essay From the case of Billy Budd, one must ponder about several important questions in regards to the power of the law and the extent to which it should be recognized. â€Å"Although Billy Budd killed Claggart unintentionally, he was aware that striking a superior officer was a serious offense, however, Claggart had provoked him by accusing him of organizing a mutiny† (Hunte). Thus, Billy Budd is described as the following, â€Å"His simple nature remained unsophisticated by those moral obliquities which are not in every case incompatible with that manufacturable thing known as respectability† (Melville). Perhaps Melville is emphasizing the point that Billy is some sort of special moral being, completely incapable of conceiving evil and bearing malice. Perchance, the case of Billy Budd should not be manipulated to fit the law; rather the law should be made to fit the case. In society, laws are made to serve justice and to protect individuals. Each case has unique circumstances and no one case is the same. Therefore, in order for justice to be served, the laws should be interpreted differently in each case. Captain Vere has illustrated his realization that this case has special circumstances, stating that â€Å"This case is an exceptional one† (Melville). Everyone on the Bellipotent knows Billy for his kindness; Billy even has attempted to befriend Claggart. By sentencing Billy to death, the Drumhead Court would eliminate a kind-spirited and hard-working man from the ship. Billy’s good heart and benevolent nature show that he is not likely to kill another man in the future, and killing him wont protect any individuals. Since a law is made for serving justice and protecting people, and sentencing Billy to death does neither. Furthermore, there are many things that make this case unique, and that need to be taken into consideration when devising Billy’s punishment. When considering this case, one must recognize that Billy Budd is crippled. It is true that he is not noticeably mentally or physically handicapped, but he does have a disability. In a situation where any other person would be able to speak up for himself, Billy was unable to. He has a condition that prevents him from verbalizing his thoughts when he feels very strongly about a certain topic or situation, which causes him to stutter. When Claggart accused Billy of conspiring with his fellow sailors, Billy could not verbally defend himself. As a result, he defended himself in the only way that he could, by striking Claggart across the head, causing his death. Because of his inability to protect his honor with words, Billys use of physical force was somewhat justified. Because every case is unique, and laws are made to properly serve justice leaving those responsible with clear consciences, they should not be made so strict that they do not allow for manipulation and mitigation depending on the situation at hand. Billy Budd’s case is unique for many reasons, including his own disability, and Billy’s lack of malicious intent. Through the eyes of an individual, Bill Budd can perhaps be viewed as innocent. Can one not support Bills actions of self defense? In order for justice be made, the case should shape the law and not the law mold the case as it happened in Billy Budd. Works Cited Billy Budd Morality and Ethics Quotes Page 1. shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.shmoop.com/billy-budd/morality-ethics-quotes.html. Erudite , Mann. Literature Criticism.Literary Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.mannmuseum.com/essay-serving-justice-in-the-case-of-billy-budd/ Hunte, Richard. West Port Wolf Pack .World Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. www.marion.k12.fl.us/schools/wph/teacher Melville, Herman. Billy Budd. Raleigh, N.C.: Alex Catalogue, 199. Print.

Essay on Quilts and Art in Everyday Use :: Everyday Use essays

Quilts and Art in Everyday Use  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With her story, "Everyday Use," Alice Walker is saying that art should be a living, breathing part of the culture it arose from, rather than a frozen timepiece to be observed from a distance. To make this point, she uses the quilts in her story to symbolize art; and what happens to these quilts represents her theory of art.(thesis) The quilts themselves, as art, are inseparable from the culture they arose from. (topic sentence) The history of these quilts is a history of the family. The narrator says, "In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jarrell's Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece . . . that was from Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War." So these quilts, which have become an heirloom, not only represent the family, but are an integral part of the family. Walker is saying that true art not only represents its culture, but is an inseparable part of that culture. The manner in which the quilts are treated shows Walker's view of how art should be treated. Dee covets the quilts for their financial and aesthetic value. "But they're priceless!" she exclaims, when she learns that her mother has already promised them to Maggie. Dee argues that Maggie is "backward enough to put them to everyday use." Indeed, t his is how Maggie views the quilts. She values them for what them mean to her as an individual. This becomes clear when she says, "I can 'member Grandma Dee without the quilts," implying that her connection with the quilts is personal and emotional rather than financial and aesthetic. She also knows that the quilts are an active process, kept alive through continuous renewal. As the narrator points out, "Maggie knows how to quilt." The two sisters' values concerning the quilt represent the two main approaches to art appreciation in our society. Art can be valued for financial and aesthetic reasons, or it can be valued for personal and emotional reasons. When the narrator snatches the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, Walker is saying that the second set of values is the correct one. Art, in order to be kept alive, must be put to "Everyday Use" -- literally in the case of the quilts, figuratively in the case of conventional art.

Marketing and Branding Coco Chanel

1.0 Introduction The survival of firms in the global market is related to their potential to identify brands that can respond to consumers’ needs. In this context, a successful brand is able to secure organisational growth even in periods of strong market turbulences (Doyle, 2009). However, the popularity of a brand in markets worldwide is not guaranteed; for example, it is possible for a brand to face low popularity in a market even if in most markets the response of consumers to the particular brand is impressive (Doyle, 2009). In other words, certain factors such as culture and social ethics can affect the performance of brands in the international market (Davis, 2010). This study focuses on the performance of a well-known brand: Coco Chanel. The specific brand appeared in early 1900s and was initially related to clothing accessories, such as hats (Siddiqui, 2014). Through the years the brand incorporated clothes and jewellery, becoming a symbol of high quality and unique style (Siddiqui, 2 014). The characteristics of the particular brand and its performance, as part of the fashion industry, are analysed below. Emphasis is given to the brand’s environment but also to the strategies through which the brand has secured its market position. It is revealed that the brand’s success resulted from the combination of a series of strategic approaches. The economic and social conditions in markets worldwide during the 20th century had also a key role in the brand’s rapid expansion internationally. Under these terms, the brand has contributed in the increase of attractiveness of the fashion industry and the transformation of luxury products to elements of daily life style. 2.0 Coco Chanel as a brand 2.1 Overview of Coco Chanel In order to identify the performance of the brand as part of the fashion industry it is necessary to refer primarily to the brand’s history, i.e. to the events that have led to the establishment of the brand and the strategies on which the management of the brand has been based through the decades. Coco Chanel is a brand closely related to the life of its creator: Gabrielle Chanel has been the child of a poor family; in her early years Gabrielle had to face the death of her mother, an event that led Gabrielle to work as ‘a singer in a cabaret in Paris’ (Siddiqui, 2014). There, Gabrielle, having become known with the name Coco, met her first husband who assisted her in opening in 1909 ‘a shop that specialised in hats’ (Siddiqui, 2014). In a few years, after the end of the World War 1, Coco Channel entered the fashion industry by developing clothes of high quality. These clothes were characterised by simple lines and persistence in colour: black and whi te were extensively used creating a unique identity for the particular brand (Siddiqui, 2014). Through the years, the brand was expanded incorporated jewellery and perfumes, such as the Chanel No5, the brand’s most successful product ever (Siddiqui, 2014). The success of the brand has been related to the ability of Coco Channel to pay attention to the needs of people and to understand the changes in social and cultural trends, as developed globally (Graj, 2013). In any case, the brand has been characterised by its strong dependency on the personal views and beliefs of Coco Chanel, a fact which is made clear through the brand’s logo: the initials of Coco Chanel have been combined for creating a logo that gives the sense of a signature of its creator (Figure 1, Appendices). 2.2 Key competitors of Coco Chanel As already noted, Coco Chanel is one of the most powerful competitors in the global fashion industry. The brand is part of the luxury fashion sector, a sector which is characterized by the dominance of 10 brands. Different views have been developed in regard to the position of these brands in the relevant hierarchy. In the table included in Figure 2 (Appendices) two of these views are presented: the first view refers to 12 dominant brands of the specific sector while the second view focuses on 10 of these brands as the most powerful ones. Particular emphasis should be made to the following fact: the first list, the one included 12 brands refers only to the luxury clothing sector while the second list presents the top 10 fashion brands worldwide. From this view, the brand under examination would be considered as more relevant to the first list. However, the second list is important for understanding the competitive environment in the fashion industry in general. In addition, the two l ists reveal an important fact: Chanel has managed to secure an important position not only as a fashion brand but also as a luxury clothing brand, being categorized at the fourth and the fifth position accordingly (Figure 2, Appendices). The lists presented in Figure 2 also reveal the significant power of certain brands that are included in both lists: brands such as Louis Vuitton, Prada, Dior and Gucci seem to be the most critical competitors for Coco Chanel since they have managed to be popular both as fashion brands and as luxury clothing brands (Figure 2, Appendices). According to a report published by the Luxury Institute Chanel is one of the top luxury brands worldwide. In fact, in the survey developed by the above Institute most participants seemed to prefer Chanel; in the particular survey Louis Vuitton ranked second while Prada ranked third (Carr, 2012). 2.3 Brand performance2.3.1 Applied marketing mix (4p’s)The performance of the brand in its industry could be made clear after reviewing the key elements of the marketing strategy employed for the promotion of the particular brand. In practice, emphasis is given to four of these elements, which as also known as 4Ps (Burrow, 2008). The particular elements constitute a quite known framework, the marketing mix (Burrow, 2008). The 4Ps included in the marketing mix refer to specific aspects of a marketing strategy. At the first level, reference is made to Product. The term Product, as part of the marketing mix, reflects not only an object, as a materialised element, but also the various characteristics of the object/ product, such as ‘value, packaging methods and materials and brand name’ (Lamb and McDaniel, 2011: 47). Place is the second element of marketing mix; the specific term denotes the geographical area in which the product is available or in which the product i s planned to entry (Lamb and McDaniel, 2011). The term Place also reflects the means used by a firm for distributing its products internationally or locally (Fifield, 2008). The success of a product in a particular market is depended on the Promotion strategy used, i.e. on the means and the approaches employed for making the target consumers aware of the specific product (Satit et al., 2012). Finally, the Price of a product has to be decided taking into consideration various factors, such as the GDP in the target market, the market’s demographic characteristics/ average income and the status of the local economy (Lee, Cheng and Chen, 2008). If the marketing mix used in regard to a product is not appropriately planned, then target consumers would not be expected to buy the product. The relationship between the marketing mix and the consumer preferences is presented in Figure 3 (Appendices). On the other hand, marketing mix should be structured in such way so that it can respon d to actual consumer needs, as these needs are reflected in the 4Cs framework; the relationship between the two frameworks is presented in Figure 4 (Appendices). The issues highlighted above should be used when describing the marketing mix of Coco Channel. At the first level, in terms of its Product, the particular brand is characterised by exceptional quality (Ma, 2014). In fact, quality involves in all aspects of the brand’s product, meaning not only the materials of the products but also the materials used in the products’ packaging (Ma, 2014). For example, in the case of Chanel No.5 the uniqueness of the product was secured by employing an innovative name and by using a unique synthesis of aromas (Sicard, 2013). Also, the specific brand is related to a country well known for the quality of its cosmetics and clothing: France (Ma, 2014). The potentials of the brand to be expanded worldwide have been limited because of the following need: many of the brand’s products had to be supported by appropriate customer services schemes. Therefore, the selling points of the brand’s products are selected on the basis whether they can have a direct and close reference to France, as the source of these products (Ma, 2014). In regard to its Promotion strategy the specific brand can be characterised as unique: common marketing options are combined with less popular marketing approaches for attracting the consumers’ interest. For example, in its initial phase the marketing of Chanel No.5 has been based mostly on ‘word of mouth marketing’ (Sicard, 2013: 159). In addition, the advertisements related to the specific brand are likely to be included in media and press that are quite popular in the fashion industry, as for example ‘Elite and Vogue’ (Ma, 2014: 48). However, the high quality of the brand’s product has been secured by adopting high Prices, an approach which is considered as expected by which has set limits to the increase of the brand’s popularity (Ma, 2014). 2.3.2 Segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) For ensuring the effectiveness of a marketing strategy used for promoting a brand marketers need to develop three, key, activities: segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP). As part of marketing, Segmentation reflects the effort of marketers to divide a market into parts/ segments; each of these segments would refer to consumers with common characteristics, such as age, marital status and so on (Cant et al., 2009). By segmenting a market marketers are able to develop marketing strategies that would be welcomed by the target consumers (Cant et al., 2009). However, in order to respond to the expectations of marketers, segmentation needs to be following by targeting. In the context of marketing the term targeting is used for showing the identification of the market segments that will be addressed by a marketing strategy (Boone and Kurtz, 2013). For example, the decision to address only teenagers among the people living in the target market is an example of targeting. As for positio ning, the specific term is used for showing the effort of marketers ‘to place a product in the mind of consumers’ (Boone and Kurtz, 2013: 98). Different approaches are likely to be used by marketers to achieve positioning, as this activity can secure consumer loyalty (Boone and Kurtz, 2013). In the case of Chanel, STP could be achieved by using various approaches. For example, in regard to the particular brand market segmentation could be based on the views of consumers in regard to luxury products. This means that global market would be divided into parts based on the expected perceptions of consumers on luxury products; the evaluation of these perceptions could be based on luxury value as of its various dimensions (Figure 5, Appendices). The market segmentation for Coco Chanel could be also based, alternatively, on the frequency of use of luxury products (Ciornea, Pop and Bacila, 2012, Figure 6, Appendices). Targeting and positioning for the particular brand could be developed using similar criteria. More specifically, in regard to targeting the marketers of Coco Chanel should take into consideration the following fact: due to the high prices of its products the particular brand could not target all social groups, as could be developed using targeting. For example, tee nagers would not be an appropriate target group for the brand’s products. As of positioning also there are certain issues that should be addressed: so far the brand has become synonym of quality; also, since its appearance in the market the brand has been among the top brands in its industry. Therefore, the best approach for positioning this brand would emphasise on ‘product’s class and on price/ quality’ (Boone and Kurtz, 2013: 298). 2.3.3 Brand illustration When referring to brand illustration reference is made to the graphical elements used for presenting the brand to the public. For example, intensive colours could be used in a brand’s logo for attracting the attention of consumers (Shimp and Andrews, 2013). In addition, symbols that denote a particular characteristic of a brand could be employed for making the brand more attractive to the public (Kumar, 2009). In order for a brand’s illustration to be successful it should not follow common patterns, especially those related to the industry involved (Kumar, 2009). In any case, the logo of the brand has not necessarily to reflect the role of the brand in the industry but it needs to offer a view on the brand’s culture, as this culture would show to the public the values and ethics on which the creation of the brand has been based. The logo of Coco Channel is based entirely on the name of its creator. The design and the elements of the specific logo aim to show the close relationship between the brand and its creator’s values; simplicity is also another issue highlighted through the logo of the above brand (Figure 1, Appendices). From this point of view, it could be supported that the brand illustration used in the case of Coco Channel can be characterized as quite successful, promoting simplicity and showing the critical role of the brand’s creator in brand’s success. 2.3.4 Detail evaluation, critical perspective – SWOT analysis As with most business strategies the effectiveness of a firm’s branding decisions is usually decided after checking the characteristics of the brand involved; the performance of the brand in its market has also to be taken into consideration for deciding whether a brand has been successful or not (Davis, 2010). In the case of Coco Chanel the SWOT framework could be used for evaluating the brand’s performance. The Strengths of the particular brand are mostly related to its brand name and its relationship to quality (Carr, 2012). In fact, the specific brand has managed to establish a unique culture, a culture based on ‘the spirit of its creator’ (Kapferer, 2008: 252). In the context of this culture, high quality in clothing would be considered not as an exceptional condition but rather as part of daily life (Kapferer, 2008). The high expansion of the brand in the global market, as compared to other luxury brands, is another important strength of the brand (Ca rr, 2012). However, the brand has an important Weakness: the price of its product is quite high, not allowing a high percentage of consumers to buy the brand’s products (Carr, 2012). On the other hand, the particular brand meets all the requirements of a luxury brand (Figure 7, Figure 8, Appendices). This means that the specific brand has important Opportunities for future growth. Still, there is the problem of continuous recession. Economic turbulences in the global market could result to the limitation of profitability of luxury brands, a fact that would be a severe Threat for the particular brand (JWT, 2009). 2.4 Brand value The achievement of profit, at a pre-specified level, is the key target of a brand, at least for brands used in businesses (Larson, 2012). In this context, a business can significantly enhance its value using one or more brands (Larson, 2012). When having to estimate the value of the brand several issues can appear: the exact profit achieved by using a brand cannot be measured since the gain from employing a brand can result either in the short term or the long term. Also, this gain may not be always monetary; the improvement of a firm’s image in the market is an example (Davis, 2010). Therefore, for measuring the value of Coco Chanel, as a brand, a mixed model would be employed: the valuation framework used by ‘BrandFinance, an organisation based in UK’ (Davis, 2010: 44). The particular framework is based on the following method: a firm estimates the level of the sales it should achieve in the future, for securing profit; then ‘a royalty rate is set for achi eving the above target’ (Davis, 2010: 44). This royalty rate can be used for estimating the current value of the brand, which is the actual brand value (Davis, 2010). The measurement of the brand value using the BrandFinance framework is made clear through the diagram in Figure 9 (Appendices). 2.5 Importance of Coco Channel for the industry Since its introduction, the specific brand has achieved the following target: it has made luxury products more attractive to consumers. More specifically, in the 1920s, when the brand first appeared, women had to face the severe consequences of the World War I; widows were increased and the interest for high quality clothing was quite low (Siddiqui, 2014). The appearance in the market of the products of the particular brand, such as the ‘short black dress and the perfume Channel No.5’ (Siddiqui, 2014), introduced a new era for the relationship between consumers and the fashion industry. Since then, fashion products and luxury products have become quite attractive as this fact has been reflected to the radical expansion of luxury brands worldwide (Figure 2, Appendices). In addition, the particular brand managed to cover the gap between fashion and the other industries. Indeed, up to the appearance of the brand’s products in the market the hierarchy of importance as of the industrial activities worldwide had a standard format: manufacturing and transport industries were mostly valued, as of their potential to cover people’s needs (Kapferer, 2008). Since the introduction of the brand’s products in the market the perspectives for growth in regard to fashion and luxury products were made clear. Entrepreneurs worldwide were initiated to invest in the particular sectors, a fact that enhanced competition and kept quality standards high (Kapferer, 2008). 3.0 Conclusion The performance of Coco Chanel as a brand can be characterised as high. In fact, as proved through the analysis made above the particular brand is one of the most powerful in the global fashion industry. The position of the brand in the luxury sector is also significant, an achievement that denotes the brand’s potentials to achieve further growth. The establishment of a unique culture has been proved to be the approach through which the particular brand secured its success. Indeed, the creator of the brand, Coco Chanel, managed to convince the women in her era that style and quality should be parts of their life style. At the same time, through the particular brand the independency of style from complex forms was achieved: instead of emphasising on heavy and multi-coloured clothing Coco Chanel preferred to use simple lines and just two colours: white and black. This approach made the brand Coco Chanel to distinguish in consumers’ minds. A similar approach was followed i n regard to the other products of the brand: simplicity and innovation have been the key elements of the brand’s products up today. In this context, the success of the brand as revealed through the examination of all its aspects could be considered as expected. In the future, further growth could be achieved on the basis that brand’s culture would remain at the centre of the brand’s strategies. 4.0 References Boone, L. and Kurtz, D. (2013) Contemporary Marketing. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Burrow, J. (2008) Marketing. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Cant, M., Strydom, J., Jooste, C. and du Plessis, P. (2009) Marketing Management. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Carr, T. (2012) Chanel, Zegna top competitors for perceived brand experience: study. Luxury Daily. Available from http://www.luxurydaily.com/chanel-achieves-best-perceived-customer-experience-study/ [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. Chanel (2014) Organisational website. Available from http://www.chanel.com/en_US/ [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. Ciornea, R., Pop, M. and Bacila, M. (2012) Segmenting Luxury Market Based on the Type of the Luxury Consumed. Empirical Study on Young Female Luxury Consumers. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories. 2 (3). P.143-153. Davis, J. (2010) Competitive Success, How Branding Adds Value. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Doyle, P. (2009) Value-based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Fifield, P. (2008) Marketing Strategy Masterclass. London: Routledge. Graj, S. (2013) Coco Chanel: Personal Branding Legend. Forbes. Available from http://www.forbes.com/sites/simongraj/2013/02/20/coco-chanel-personal-branding-legend/ [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. Hanzaee, K., Teimourpour, B. and Teimoupour, B. (2012) Segmenting Consumers Based on Luxury Value Perceptions. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 12 (11). P.1445-1453. Kapferer, J. (2008) The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Khan, E. (2014) Fashion Brands of the World – Top 10. Wonderlist. Available from http://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-fashion-brands-of-the-world/ [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. Kumar, A. (2009) Marketing Management. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. Lamb, C. and McDaniel, C. (2011) Essentials of Marketing. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Larson, C. (2012) Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Lee, Y., Cheng, S. and Chen, C. (2008) Use of the 4Ps Model to Examine Differences between Generic and Brand Marketing Strategies. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning. 4 (2). P.221-244. Listovative (2014) Top 12 Best Luxury Clothing Brands in the World. Listovative. Available from http://listovative.com/top-12-best-luxury-clothing-brands-in-the-world/ [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. Ma, T. (2014) Professional Marketing and Advertising Essays and Assignments. Tony Ma. Pour, B., Nazari, K. and Emami, M. (2013) The effect of marketing mix in attracting customers: Case study of Saderat Bank in Kermanshah Province. African Journal of Business Management. 7 (34). P.3272-3280. Sambamoorthi, N. (2012) Big Data, Data Mining, Predicting Modeling and Visualizations. Available from http://blog.crmportals.com/my-blog/page/24/ [Accessed: 22 December 2014]. Shimp, T. and Andrews, C. (2013) Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Sicard, M. (2013) Luxury, Lies and Marketing: Shattering the Illusions of the Luxury Brand. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Siddiqui, H. (2014) What makes the House of Chanel a successful fashion brand. Dawn. Available from http://www.dawn.com/news/1127969 [Accessed: 20 December 2014]. So, S., Lui, E., Yau, V., Kan, R. and Li, T. (2013) Luxury Goods Industry Analysis. Available from http://www.slideshare.net/vy1230/luxury-goods-industry-analysis-2013 [Accessed: 20 December 2014].

Portrayal Of A Multicultural Mindset On A Global And Local...

Stop with the judging There are many factors that contribute to the overall lack of a multicultural mindset on a global and local scale. A lot of people like to be separated from those who are not like them, either in the socioeconomic spectrum, the racial spectrum, the way they live or simply the human experience overall. Humans tend to judge those who are different than them, showing a lack of understanding of a variety of culture or the disparities that makes each human different. A reality that is portrayed throughout all the movies in the class. For example, in the movie First Blood, John Rambo, the main character in the film, is often judged and mistreated by others in the movie, simply because of his military background and the differences he has with them (Kotcheff, First Blood). There are multiple examples of these type of behavior throughout all the movies. Lack of understanding In the United States, being homeless is becoming a common occurrence, even among college students. In the movie The Human Experience, the documentarians were able to experience what is like to be homeless in New York City (Kinnane, The Human Experience). They were able to realize how different these people truly are compared to the preconceived notion humans have on those who are homeless. They didn’t choose to be homeless, it was certain circumstances, which are different from everyone, that resulted in them being without proper shelter. The movie was able to demonstrate that havingShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesmarketing a(n) ________. A) idea B) place C) luxury item D) event E) service Answer: D Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 9) The Malaysia, Truly Asia ad campaign that showcased Malaysias beautiful landscape and its multicultural society in order to attract tourists is an example of ________ marketing. A) event B) property C) service D) place E) idea Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Objective: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Difficulty: Moderate 10) In Walt Disneys Magic

Enslavement Timeline 1619 to 1696

Historian Frances Latimer argues that enslavement happened one law at a time, one person at a time. As the American colonies grew throughout the 17th Century, human bondage transformed from indentured servitude to a life of enslavement. Enslavement Timeline: 1619 to 1696 1612: Commercial tobacco is raised in Jamestown, Va.1619: Twenty Africans are transported to Jamestown. They were imported to work as slaves in Great Britains American colonies.1626: The Dutch West India Company brings eleven African-American men to the New Netherlands1636: Desire, the first carrier in the United States to participate in human trade. The ship is built and first sails from Massachusetts. This marks the beginning of colonial North Americas participation in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.1640: John Punch becomes the first documented slave to receive servitude for life. An African servant, John Punch, is sentenced to life after running away. His white friends, who also ran away, received extended servitude.1640: Residents of New Netherlands are prohibited from providing any assistance to fugitive slaves.1641: The DAngolas become the first recorded marriage between people of African descent.1641: Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize enslavement.1643: A fugit ive slave law is established in the New England Confederation. The Confederation includes Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven.1650: Connecticut legalizes enslavement.1652: Rhode Island creates laws restricting and then forbidding slavery.1652: All black and Native American servants are mandated to take military training by Massachusetts law.1654: Blacks are granted the right to be slaveholders in Virginia.1657: Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.1660: The Council of Foreign Plantations is ordered by Charles II, King of England, to convert slaves and indentured servants to Christianity.1662: Virginia passes a law establishing hereditary slavery. The law states that children of African-American mothers shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.1662: Massachusetts passes a law prohibiting blacks from bearing arms. States such as New York, Connecticut, and New Hampshire followed suit.1663: The first documented slave rebellion takes place in Gloucester County , Va.1663: The state of Maryland legalizes enslavement.1663: Charles II gives North Carolina and South Carolina to slave proprietors.1664: Enslavement is legalized in New York and New Jersey.1664: Maryland becomes the first colony to make marriage between white women and black men illegal.1664: Maryland passes a law making lifelong servitude for black slaves legal. Colonies such as New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia pass similar laws.1666: Maryland enacts a fugitive slave law.1667: Virginia passes a law stating that Christian baptism will not change a persons status as a slave.1668: New Jersey passes a fugitive slave law.1670: Free Africans and Native Americans are prohibited from owning white Christian servants by Virginia law.1674: New York lawmakers declare that enslaved African-Americans who convert to Christianity will not be freed.1676: Slaves, as well as black and white indentured servants, participate in Bacons Rebellion.1680: Virginia passes laws prohibiting blacks--freed or enslaved--from bearing arms and congregating in large numbers. The law also enforces stiff punishments for slaves who try to escape or attack white Christians.1682: Virginia passes a law announcing that all imported Africans will be slaves for life.1684: New York prohibits slaves from selling goods.1688: Pennsylvania Quakers establish the first antislavery resolution.1691: Virginia creates its first anti-miscegenation law, prohibiting marriage between whites and blacks as well as whites and Native Americans.1691: Virginia declares it illegal to free slaves within its borders. As a result, freed slaves must leave the colony.1691: South Carolina establishes its first set of slave codes.1694: The importation of Africans increases tremendously into the Carolinas after rice cultivation is developed.1696: Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly. New England colonists enter into the slave trade.

A Hypothesis Without Conducting Background Research

It is well established that people became ill shortly after the picnic. The root cause of the problem is unknown, and there are a lot of variables. By systematically using the scientific method this will enable Earl to find an objective, and reliable conclusion to his dilemma. Making a hypothesis without conducting background research would be futile. I would suggest him looking at his data more closely. Observation is a critical process and maybe he should become more observant. He has begun to ask questions, but only by asking the correct questions to the appropriate sources will he be able to find the route cause. Earl also has state it was at the school picnic, it would be nice to know if it was preschool, since younger children are more susceptible to food poisoning. Earl continues to observe by naming the different foods that were consumed and that everybody ate something. He states that within 24 hour that several people displayed symptoms of food poisoning. There were 30 peop le who became ill. Later, his hypotheses are either the potato salad or that the under cook hamburger has contributed to food poison at the picnic. At this time he has not run any experiments to ensure what made the people sick and even if he did I can t imagine him able to conducting the appropriate test. He will have to collect credible and reliable information in the next process. Doing research will enable him to analyze what food source caused the food poisoning. Lastly. Earl will have toShow MoreRelatedLink Between Learned Helplessness to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Battered Woman1085 Words   |  5 Pages(2007) designed a study to test the hypothesis that learned helplessness (LH) intervenes the relationship between violence severity and mental disorders in battered women, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MDD). 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Bioethics Essay Research Paper BIOETHICSProgress in the free essay sample

Bioethicss Essay, Research Paper Bioethics Advancement in the pharmacological, medical and biological scientific disciplines involves experimentation on all life species, including animate beings and worlds. The effectivity of medicines fact-finding processs and interventions must at some point be tested on animate beings and human existences. Although trials are conducted much more often on lab animate beings, particularly those most related to worlds, they do non supply sufficient information. The history of medical specialty shows that there has ever been a demand for experimentation on human existences. Examples of these consist of the vaccination of Newgate captives in 1721, who had been condemned to decease with Smallpox. In 1796, Edward Jenner, besides analyzing Smallpox, inoculated an eight twelvemonth old male child with Pus from a morbid cow. The list goes on, and such experiments continue even until today. Nowadays these experiments would be ethically and lawfully unacceptable. However, there have been clear documented instances of maltreatment in recent times. An illustration of this is the experiments conducted by Nazi physicians on captives in the concentration cantonments during the Holocaust. Does this mean that since there is possible for maltreatment, all experimentation should be banned? This would intend that society would be condemned to stay at the same degree of cognition ( position quo ) ? Bioethically talking, how far can we travel in the survey of the homo without traversing the line? The cardinal inquiry is, since we are the 1s pulling the line, where do we pull it? The intent of this essay is to supply a clear sense of the present jurisprudence on this issue. Second, to reexamine the jobs raised by experimentation on animate beings. To demo some different illustrations of bioethics. Third, to demo the scriptural position of the affair. Finally, to convey the reader to his or her ain clear decision, without a bias sentiment on the affair. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE Law Biomedical experimentation on human topics raises many complex legal jobs that the jurisprudence must cover with consequently. For illustration, violation on the regulations subjects the research worker non merely to condemnable countenances, but besides civil countenances ( amendss for injury caused ) , administrative countenances ( backdown of financess ) , or disciplinary countenances ( suspension from the research workers # 8217 ; professional association ) . Since we are in Canada, there are two classs of jurisprudence covering with modulating experimentation. The first is Federal and Provincial Legislation. The 2nd consists of paperss, codifications of moralss and studies, which while non needfully enforceable, strongly urge research workers experiments on human topics to detect certain criterions of behavior. A. FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms governs here. Some of its commissariats in consequence make certain sorts of experiments illegal. # 8220 ; Any experimental activity which endangers the protected values is thereof illegal. # 8221 ; Another is harmonizing to current instance jurisprudence, # 8220 ; intervention # 8221 ; may be loosely construed instead than being limited to therapy. Condemnable countenances covering with offenses against the individual make it possible to punish those doing injury to a topic who has non given valid consent to an experiment. Explaining this, many experiments on worlds are legal and performed mundane. No experiment is performed without a intent. The most common is during surgery, the patients give valid consent to hold experiments conducted on them during the operation. With regard to medicines, citizens of Canada are given protection by the Food and Drug Act. These Torahs control new medicines into the market. Although this seems as though it contains no ethical processs it touches upon the experimentation prior to the release of the medicine. Many animate beings have been used in order to convey these medicines to the market. Furthermore, worlds must hold been used during experimentation. Harmonizing to the Law, any experiment performed on a individual to convey out any new medicine may ensue in condemnable countenance ( homicide, amendss for injury, suspension ) . Here are a few illustrations given by the Charter of the Rights and Freedoms. The experiment should be so designed and based on the consequences of carnal experimentation and a cognition of the natural history of the diseased of other job under survey that the awaited consequences will warrant the public presentation of the experiment. The grade of hazard to be taken should neer transcend that determined by the human-centered importance of the job to be solved by the experiment. *The voluntary consent of the homo is perfectly indispensable. B. ETHICAL Document In 1977, a study of the Canada Council was prepared on moralss. It was responsible for interpreting ethical guidelines for the people to stay by. Although the study trades with moralss in the bio-medical surveies, it emphasizes more on other issues. ANIMAL RIGHTS Experiment ON FETUSES mercy killing, abortion, familial technology Since the jurisprudence states that most experimentation performed on animate beings and worlds is unethical yet provides fruitful consequences, it should be left to the pe ople to do the determination whether or non experimentation should go on and to what extent. If we are considered to be a moral race, so should we be allowed to do the pick for anyone who can non do the pick for them? , merely like a female parent for her ain kid? One who agrees with this statement, most likely agrees that we should make up ones mind whether or non any experimentation on a animal that has no developed ethical motives or rights can be performed. One who disagrees with the aforesaid statement has no inquiry in his or her head that, no experimentation should be performed if it consequences in the injury of the topic, be it a rat or a human. The kernel of this is based on human lesson. Since we can non pass on with the specimens other than worlds ( foetuss, animate beings, mentally handicapped ) we do non cognize of what moral standing these specimens should be granted, so we give them none. Is this just. We limit ourselves to a certain sum of cognition if certain experiments that are considered to be immoral are performed. The existent inquiry is once more, where do we pull the line? Since animate beings are non themselves direst objects of moral concern, there are however certain things that are non morally justifiable when done to animate beings. On this position, unneeded inhuman treatment towards animate beings is out because of the psychological fact that people who brutalize animate beings will or may be given to act cruelly towards other people. Again, there are two positions that can be taken from this point. One is that, no experiment that one wouldn # 8217 ; t execute on his fellow adult male, should non be performed on any animate being. The other position is, if the experiment provides positive consequences, and is non barbarous to the topic, so it should be allowed to be performed. Although much maltreatment and violation on animate beings rights has occurred over the past century in the field of survey, that shouldn # 8217 ; t halt us now from continued acquisition. Here are some illustrations of maltreatment on animate beings and some issues affecting bioethics. At the Department of Psychology at MIT, hamsters were blinded in a survey demoing that # 8220 ; blinding additions territorial aggression in male Syrian aureate hamsters. # 8221 ; At UCLA, monkeys were besides blinded to analyze the effects of psychedelic drugs on them. Another illustration, lab coneies were tested to see how they react to a comrades decease. These illustrations are true and demo how far some people would allow their wonders take them. They are non necessary and such research worker should be suspended. More illustrations of bioethics are such things like abortion and mercy killing. Genetic technology, organ grafts, prosthetic devices and unreal insemination are merely a few illustrations that are considered to be unethical by some and ethical for others. Even such things as alternate maternity are considered unethical. To give you a better gustatory sensation of what opposing statements on a certain bioethical subject is, the unreal bosom will be used as an illustration. The unreal bosom should be used, even though it does non assure the topic an easy life, it does assure them life and that is all the patients want to hear, that they are traveling to populate even merely a twelvemonth, month or hebdomad. The other side of the affair says that the unreal bosom in non merely unethical, it is excessively expensive. They believe that what G-D giveth, G-D can taketh awayeth. This brings us to the Biblical position on the affair. BIBLICAL VIEW Frequently in theses yearss it is said that the primary inquiry is merely that of human endurance. Many say that we live on borrowed, and likely brief clip. An # 8220 ; revelatory vision of a waste, radioactive, peopleless planet haunts the heads of immature people # 8230 ; # 8230 ; victims of blink of an eyes cremation or grim, agonised decease! # 8221 ; This statement is speaking about society # 8217 ; s technological promotions that are able to go forth the universe desolate and waste from people, workss and all life animals. What does this hold to make with the survey of Bioethics. ? First, allow # 8217 ; s demo how this relates to scriptural text. Study of adult male has brought us to the possibility of complete devastation on an full planet. Biblically, adult male should non interfere with what he has non produced or belonging to him. Even life does non belong to adult male himself, the pick can non be made by him to take the lives of others. This is where the survey of bioethics comes in. Even if the consequences of any experiments provide fruitful consequences, they can non be performed if they involve interfering with what is non truly their ain. This is like taking person # 8217 ; s life into your ain custodies, # 8220 ; playing God # 8221 ; as many say is a wickedness. Especially abortion, mercy killing, any birth control etc. This leaves society with no room for promotion, yet being a truster in G-D, the points sound valid ethically, yet more sacredly. Many people of today # 8217 ; s society feel that such a position will or may maintain society from assisting themselves provide better lives for themselves. The Biblical trusters say contradict this with a really strong belief in God. Finally, the clip has come to do a valid decision. The determination is up to you to make up ones mind. The intent of this essay was non to do the determination for you, it was to demo both sides of the statement clearly without a bias sentiment, and to allow you the reader decide. Ladies and Gentlemen the pick is now yours # 8230 ;